“接姑娘客”与身份的转换——对特纳“仪式过程”理论的反思

"Taking Married Daughters Home as Guests" and Their Identity Transformation

通过对湖北农村"接姑娘客"仪式的描述和分析,反思英国人类学家维克多.特纳的仪式过程理论。笔者认为特纳的观点偏重人们在仪式过程中地位的变化,较少关注其中身份角色的转换。笔者在湖北农村观察到的"接姑娘客"仪式中,仪式的主体——出嫁的姑娘经历了身份和角色的转换:从媳妇到姑娘,从主人到客人。因为人们在日常生活中的身份角色并不是固定的,所以仪式过程中的交融状态的获得不一定以反结构的形式出现,而可能是将日常结构的某些方面放大或强调,以区别于日常生活,达到净化结构的目的。

This article analysizes the ritual ＂taking married daughters home as guests＂ in a small village in Hubei province. The author tries to challenge Victor Turner＇s ideas about ritual process. Turner mainly stressed the reversal of status in his analysis of ritual process. The author holds that the transformation of role is as important as that of identity in ritual. During the Mid -July Days （Zhong Yuan Festival）, almost all the families of the community will take their married daughters home as guests and have a family feast. This kind of activity can be seen as a rite of passage, since it symbolizes the transformation of the community from one situation to another. In this ritual, each married daughter has experienced transformation of role and identity. In her husband＇s family, she acts as a daughter - in - law as well as a hostess, when she comes back to her natal family, she becomes a daughter as well as a guest. Since a person has more than one role and identity in everyday life, in certain ritual the transformation of role and identity does not mean anti - structure, but stresses certain aspects of structure in order to purify structure.