论黄河调水调沙

Regulation of Flow-Sediment in the Yellow River

首先从7个方面论述了黄河调水调沙的理论根据和实践基础,包括黄河下游输沙能力表达、堆积性与洪峰期间的巨大输沙能力、河道的游荡多变与平衡趋向性、"多来多排"的根据及利用、"冲河南(段),淤山东(段)"及其相反、第二造床流量与平滩流量、下游排沙比与水库排沙比关系以及拦粗排细等.接着,根据6年来调水调沙的实践,阐述了5个方面的主要效益:加大了入海沙量;降低了洪水位;扩大了主槽和加大了平滩流量;增加了山东河段冲刷比例,没有发生"冲河南(段),淤山东(段)";改善了小浪底水库变动回水区淤积部位,促进了异重流和浑水水库排出.尤其是加大了平滩流量,其最小值从1800m3/s加大到3500m3/s.利用调水调沙,大幅度改善了900km的河道,这在世界治河史上是创举.最后,分析了黄河调水调沙的巨大潜力,若能充分发挥,有可能利用75%的来水,排走全部来沙.

Seven topics concerned with theoretical analysis and practice of flow-sediment regulation in the Yellow River were presented, including expressions of transport capacity at lower reach of the Yellow River, aggradation of river reach and its great transport capacity of flood peak, variation and wandering of river reach and its tendency to equilibrium, foundation and application of ＂the more incoming sediment, the more ejected＂, ＂deposit at reach in Shandong and scour at reach in Henan＂ or vice versa, the 2nd flow discharge for bed forming and bankfull flow discharge, relation of ejected sediment rate between reservoir and lower reach, and explanation of ＂retaining coarse particles and ejecting fine particles＂ ,etc. Then five benefits from practice of regulation of flow-sediment in six years were described, i.e. increasing the sediment ejected to the sea, reducing the flood level, expanding the main channel and increasing bankfull flow discharge, increasing the scour pro- portion so that ＂deposit at reach in Shandong and scour at reach in Henan＂ does not occur, improving the deposit location of fluctuated back water region, and promoting the flushing of density flow and flow of turbid reservoir. The most important is the increase of bankfull flow discharge from 1 800 m^3/s to 3 500 m^3/s and thus improves the river course of 900 km. This kind of flow-sediment regulation is a pioneer work in the history of river engineering. In the end it is demonstrated that if the potentiality of flow-sediment regulation is further exploited, all incoming sediment can be ejected from outlet of the lower reach by 75% runoff.