“文化大革命”以前中国城市劳动就业问题

Employment in Chinese Cities in the Period from 1949 to 1966

新中国城市劳动就业问题在20世纪50年代和60年代初呈现不同的特点。50年代以解决旧社会遗留下来的失业问题为主,重点是对众多的失业工人和失业知识分子进行救助。随着失业救济工作的全面展开,党和政府制定了解决城市就业问题的总方针,多管齐下解决不同人群的就业问题。进入60年代后,解决城市新增劳动力的就业问题成为工作的重点,为此,党和政府提出了"统筹安排,城乡并举,而以上山下乡为主"的工作方针,一方面阻断农村劳动力向城市的流动,另一方面安排失业工人主要是城市知识青年到农村参加劳动,同时广开就业门路。这两个时期的城市就业工作取得了明显的效果,但也留下了一些值得吸取的教训。

Employment in Chinese Cities in the 1950s had features different from those in the I960s.In the 1950s efforts were made to solve mainly unemployment problems left over from the past,focusing on relief for numerous jobless workers and intellectuals.With the full launching of unemployment relief,the Party and government adopted the general principles for employment in the cities and took various measures simultaneously to create jobs for all groups of people.Beginning in 1960 the focus shifted to finding jobs for able-bodied people newly emerging in the cities.For this purpose,the Party and government put forward the principle of'making comprehensive ar- rangements and providing employment opportunities both in urban and rural areas with going and working in the countryside or mountain areas as the main solution.'On the one hand the rural labor force was prevented from flowing into the cities,on the other hand the unemployed people,mainly the educated youth,were sent to do manual labor in the countryside and at the same time all chan- nels for employment were opened.Obvious results were achieved for employment in the cities during both periods,but there were also some lessons to be learned.