试论1949～1959年中苏关系中的美国因素

A Tentative Discussion on the American Factor in the Sino-Soviet Relations from 1949 to 1959

1949～1959年的中苏关系,经历了从走向结盟到"蜜月"合作再到出现公开分歧的发展历程。美国作为影响中苏关系的一个外部因素,其制定的分裂中苏关系的"楔子战略"也经历了三个不同的发展阶段:从第一阶段以中国作为主要突破口,通过所谓"灵活"政策来阻止中苏结盟;到第二阶段仍以中国为主要突破口,通过强硬政策致力于分裂中苏的长远目标;再到第三阶段以苏联为主要突破口,通过"软硬分施"的策略来推动中苏同盟走向分裂。"楔子战略"的侧重点和实施手段不尽相同,效果也前后有别。

The Sino-Soviet relations from 1949 to 1959 experienced radical changes from al- liance to honeymoon-like close cooperation,then to open split.As an external factor to the Sino- Soviet relations the United States adopted the'wedge strategy'for the purpose of inducing the col- lapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance.This strategy also experienced three stages:in the first stage, America took China as the main breakthrough point and tried,by dint of'flexible'policies,to pre- vent China and the Soviet Union from forming an alliance;in the second stage,America still took China as the main breakthrough point and resorted to hard-line tactics in fulfilling its long-term goal of splitting the two countries;and in the third stage,America took the Soviet Union as the main breakthrough point and resorted to both soft and hard-line tactics to bring about the Sino- Soviet split.The'wedge strategy'had different focuses and means of implementation with different effects in different stages.