布拉格学派研究

Study of Prague School

承认外部因素的影响,却又坚持文学艺术的自主性,这是布拉格学派的基本观点。它是从俄国形式主义沿承嬗变而来。这一观点向着作品论的展开,便产生了穆卡若夫斯基的受到现象学影响的艺术的意向性与非意向性的理论。意向性是指作品涵义的统一性;为此,穆卡若夫斯基将作者转化为了泛化的欣赏者,艺术作品就变成了独立的符号。非意向性是指艺术作品中一切抵制、打破涵义统一性的东西,其作用是使艺术作品能够予读者以仿佛得自现实的印象,即是使艺术作品成为一个"物"。穆卡若夫斯基的作品论,便是将艺术作品视为符号与物的结合。不过,后者却是附属于前者的,被视为前者的一定的形式。上述基本观点向着文学史观的展开,便产生沃季奇卡的"视作品为文学史研究的核心"的文学史观。这一文学史观所关注的是作为符号的文学作品的接受情况,更具体地说,就是关注作品在接受过程中具体化方式的变化。贯串结构主义三阶段发展的语言学家雅可布逊的作品分析,不仅纷繁琐碎,而且是硬加裁割、拼凑与乱加省略的。尽管如此,布拉格学派的上述观念仍然构成了从俄国形式主义到巴黎结构主义的过渡。巴黎结构主义进一步发展了非主体化的观念,对作品的具体化方式的变化作了相当细致的考察,并在广度与深度上,将符号学用作分析作品、研究文学史的一种方法,甚至将文学纳入为符号学的一部分。

Prague School insisted on the autonomy of literature while admitting external influence, which was evolved from Russian Formalism. This view influnced Mukarovsky＇s theory of work and gave birth to his Phenomenology- influenced theory of intentionality and non-intentionality of art. Intentionality implies the unity of meaning in a work; to achieve this effect, Mukarovsky transformed authors into general appreciators and art works into independent signs. Non-intentionality refers to all that in art resists and breaks the unity of meaning to give readers the impression that art is from real life and to make an art work ＂material＂. However, the latter is affiliated to the former and is viewed as its specific type. When Vachek absorbed the above views into his theory of literary history, he developed an idea that literature works should be viewed as the center of the study of literary history. This idea focuses on the accepting of literature works as signs, to be exact, the shifts of the ways in which works are accepted. As a linguist, Jakobson connected three phases of Structuralism. His work analysis is not merely unnecessarily compli- cated and full of details, but also is characterized by arbitrary editing and random omissions. However, the above views of Prague School formed the transition from Russian Formalism to Paris Structuralism. Paris structuralism further developed the idea of non-subjectification, made a careful study of the changes of works, to a greater degree applied Semiotics to work analysis and the study of literary history, and even made literature a part of Semiotics.