不同肥料长期配施对春小麦产量和品质的影响

Effect of Long-term Combined Application of Different Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Spring Wheat

利用灰漠土14年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不同肥料长期配施对春小麦产量和品质的影响,结果表明：施肥对增加小麦产量作用很大,特别是配施有机物料（有机肥或秸秆还田）小麦千粒重和穗粒数比长期不施肥处理平均提高16.4%和52%,其产量提高80%-90%,不同施肥处理小麦产量的变化顺序为：NPKM〉NPKS〉NPK〉CK,说明经济系数决定经济产量,而肥料合理配施是增产的关键。不施肥处理的小麦籽粒粗蛋白和氨基酸含量比单施化肥处理要高,粗蛋白含量平均高20%,必需氨基酸含量平均高7.5%;配施有机肥对改善小麦籽粒品质促进作用较最大,与施化肥相比提高了小麦粗蛋白和氨基酸含量,更重要的是增加了蛋白质产量。配施有机肥有利于提高面粉品质指标,与施化肥处理相比,干、湿面筋含量提高11.9%,降落值提高8.3%,增强了面团稳定性和韧性;秸秆还田处理降低了面粉干、湿面筋的含量,导致面粉沉淀值的下降,面团稳定性表现出降低的趋势;长期不施肥其面粉品质、面团性质等多项指标均优于单施化肥处理。

The results of location fertilization for fourteen years indicated that long-term combined application of different fertilizer played a great role in increasing wheat yield.Especially by fertilizing organic matter（organic fertilizer or straw returning to field）compared with CK,the 1000-kernel weight and the kernel number of a spike increased by 16.4% and 52%,and the yield increased by 80%-90%.The order of the wheat yield of different treatment was NPKM 〉 NPKS 〉 NPK 〉 CK.It meaned that the economic yield was decided by economic coefficient.It was indicated that rational fertilizing could increase yield.Contrasting to fertilizing treatment the crude protein and amino acid content of CK grain was higer,than that of application of chemical fertilizer the crude protein was over 20%,and the essential amino acid concent was over 7.5%.Combined application of manure was advantageous to improve the grain quality.Compared with fertilizing treatment,it could increase the crude protein and amino acid content.It was more important that it increased the yield of protein.Combined application of manure could improve flour quality index.Comparing with chemical fertilizer,wet and dry gluten content increased by 11.9%.Falling value increased by 8.3%.The stability and tenacity ability of dough was strengthened.The straw returning to field treatment reduced the wet and dry gluten content,then lead to the precipitation value of flour decrease.It brought about the the stability of dough decline.The stability ability of dough had the decline trendency.If there was no application of fertilizer for long time,the indexes of flour quality,dough characters were better than that of application of chemical fertilizer treatment.