权力集中与知识控制:“教育革命”时期的中国重点大学政策

Power Centralisation and Knowledge Control:Chinese Key University Policy during the "Educational Revolution"

20世纪五六十年代的"教育革命"使我国高等教育异化为政治运动与知识控制,高等教育遭遇到严重挫折。为了高等教育的"巩固、调整与提高",20世纪60年代继续推行重点大学政策,提出以"提高高等教育质量"为目标,以控制学校规模与优先发展重点大学为重点。它之所以得到发展,一方面是出于纠正"教育革命"错误的需要,另一方面也是由于政府权力控制知识生产的重点大学政策的内在逻辑。总体而言,这一时期的重点大学政策虽然以改革苏联体制为目标,在实践中依然没有摆脱苏联模式的影响,突出表现为两个方面:第一,在大学管理体制上集权统一;第二,在知识生产上,表现为重视自然科学类知识生产,忽视乃至压制人文社会科学类知识生产。

Chinese higher education suffered from grave destructions during the ＂educational revolution＂ in the 1950s-1960s as it was made into political movement and knowledge control. In order to ＂consolidate, adjust and improve＂ higher education, China continued to implement the policy of prioritising the development of key universities and controlling institutional enrolment in the 1960s, with the central goal to ＂enhance higher education quality＂. This policy aimed at correcting the wrongs of the ＂educational revolution＂, and also at government control of knowledge production through key universities. To summarise, despite the goal to reform against the Soviet system of higher education, key university policy during this period could not yet break through the Soviet influence in practice. Two main Soviet features of this policies were 1） institutional administrative system was highly centralised, and 2） in knowledge production, humanities and social sciences were ignored even oppressed at the expanse of heavy emphasis on natural science.