科举改革与宋代人才的辈出

邓小南认为,对"祖宗之法"的不断诠释过程,寄寓着士大夫们建树统治规范、实现长治久安的深切期望,并折射出一种整体性的社会理想;而对于"祖宗之法"不恰当的倚重与抬高,则是酿成赵宋因循保守政风乃至关键时刻无所作为的重要原因之一。葛金芳认为,宋代虽然仍以农业立国,但在高度发达的农业经济之基础上,已经生长出城市、货币、商业、信用、海外贸易等诸多工商业文明因子,雇佣劳动、包买商惯例、商业信用、集资合伙等新生事物均有踪迹可觅。张其凡认为,宋代兵制改革的特点突出表现在:军队的职业化、雇佣化;军权直接隶属于皇帝,军队成为皇帝的私兵;军队领导机构的多元化;重视禁军的选拔、补充和教阅,严阶级,劳其力;以及在兵力配置上"强干弱枝"、"内外相维"等方面。何忠礼认为,北宋的科举改革不仅有利于政治的清明和中央集权的巩固,而且还推动了宋朝社会经济、文化、思想和科学技术的繁荣与进步,其所获实效确实不容低估。李华瑞认为,士大夫们在王安石变法中所表现出的"天变不足畏,祖宗不足法,人言不足恤"三不足的大无畏精神,以及变法措施中显现出的近现代社会经济理念的诸多端倪,等等,都是很有价值的历史遗产,其表现在精神层面的历史意义要远大于当时变法无论成败与否的经验教训。

Deng Xiao-nan thinks that'law made by ancestors'is a double-edged sword.More dependence is one of the important reasons why the Song dynasty follows the old ways and does nothing at a key moment.Ge Jin-fang thinks that the Song dynasty is based on agriculture,but other factors of commerce such as city,currency,commodity,foreign trade,employer and so on have appeared.Zhang Qi-fan thinks that the military system is vocational.The army is in the hands of the emperor.The leadership of the army is diverse.In the allocation of soldiers,'trunk is strong and branch is weak'and'inner and outer parts are united'.He Zhong-li thinks that the reform of the imperial examination is beneficial to the politics and the centralized powers,and in addition a strong push to the society,politics,economy,culture,thoughts,science and technology of the Song dynasty.Li Rui-hua thinks that Wang An-shi's political reform has the sprouts of social and economic ideas of modern society,whose historical significance is far more than experience and lessons.