略论殷墟王陵制度的形成

On the Formation of the Architecture of Royal Mausoleums on the Yin Ruins

无论是传世文献还是甲骨金文,均反映出晚商时期有一个嫡庶观念逐渐加强的过程,而这个过程与殷墟西北岗王陵区不断突出王墓的作法是一致的。两个方面均反映出晚商王权的逐步加强以及父死子继王位传承制度的逐渐巩固与最终确立。西北岗王陵西区是比较纯粹的王陵区,但东区埋葬的人员较为复杂,只能看作是一处高等级王室墓地。西北岗王陵区可能开启于殷墟文化一期偏早阶段,并可能一开始就大致划定兆域界限。武丁在位时期可能对王陵制度作过重大调整,即西区只葬殷王,其他成员只能葬在王陵东区、小屯宫殿宗庙区西南部墓地以及后岗西区墓地等处。殷王陵不奉行夫妻并穴合葬,王与后分处。但王陵东区有异姓陪葬的现象。殷王陵区有象征国家政权的一面,与殷墟其他普通族墓地有较大差异。

Both inherited traditions and the oracle and bronze inscriptions suggests that the late Shang Dynasty saw a gradually strengthening of the lineal and non - lineal ideas, which is revealed by the continuously projecting of the kings＇ mausoleum in the royal cemetery at Xibeigang site. The two aforementioned processes illustrate the increasing king＇ s power and the progressively consoli- dation and final establishment of the rule that the kingship could only be handed down from a king to his own eldest son. Probably started from the earlier part of the first stage of the Yinxu Culture and given relatively specified borders at the very. beginning, the western half of the Xibeigang royal cemetery, accepting only king＇ s own burial, could he labeled as the king＇ s afterworld palaces in their full meaning, but the eastern half, accommodating differently positioned royal members, could only be regarded as a high degree royal cemetery＇. After being crowned, king Wuding made an important adjustment on the royal burial rules, regadating that the western half of the royal cemetery could only bury kings themselves and the other royal members could only be interred in other royal burial places such as the very eastern half, the cemetery located to the southwest of Xiaotun palatial city and the western Hougang cemetery. lnclnding the burial of members from non - royal clans and burying the kings and their queens separately in different cemeteries with- out following the popular custom of burying spouses side by side, the Yinxu royal cemeteries are somewhat different from other common clan cemeteries in the capital in that they have the roles of symbolizing the state sovereignty.