论清代国家法干预“先买权”的失败

A Research on the Tie between the Imposing Way and Failure of the Statute Interference with the Preemption in Qing Dynasty

中国古代不动产交易中的先买权存在历史悠久,但被清代官方法律所明确否定。然而,国家法律的否定对改变民间交易中的先买权习惯收效甚微。造成这种现象的原因除了民间惯习、中国独特的血缘、地缘社会结构及不动产买卖所依存的"村级市场"等因素外,清朝政府的经济政策也是造成国家法律调整失效的一个重要原因。对先买权而言,影响最大的就是国家的税粮征收方式。由此也可以看出,交易习惯的变迁除了和社会经济的发展直接相关外,国家法律对其干预的实效还和其他相关政策的协调性紧密相连。

The preemption in the trade of estate was denied in the statute during Qing Dynasty though it had been a long time since it existed.However,the denial made little effect in eliminating the preemption.The reasons lied in not only the inertia of the folk customs,the particular consanguinity of China, the village market, and the geo-social structure,but also the economical policy of Qing Dynasty.Of these, the way of imposing had great influence on the existence of the preemption.From the investigation, we can conclude that the effect of the interference from the statute with the fluxing of the customs in the trade had a close connection with other correlative policy, besides the direct factors such as the development of the society and economy.