1964年的《中国科学院工作条例》与“理论联系实际”问题

Regulations of Supervising Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1964 and the Principle of Combining Theory with Practice

新中国成立至"文革"开始前,"理论联系实际"原则在不同的历史背景下有不同的解读;而在科研工作中应当如何理解与贯彻这一原则,则是新中国科学发展中的核心问题之一。文章立足中国科学院,着重整理1964年《中国科学院工作条例(自然科学部分,初稿)》(简称"三十六条")的制定背景、起草过程以及颁布实施等,并分析其实施效果。"三十六条"是中国科学院在总结以往经验、深入调查研究的基础上制定的,其主旨是为了在多变的政治环境下保证科研工作的相对稳定、保护基础研究并给科学院的科研方向以正确定位。它将"如何理解与贯彻理论联系实际原则"这一核心问题转化为"科研工作的分类与比例划分"问题,可以说是中国科学院解决该问题的一次大力尝试与集中反映。由于"三十六条"颁布不久即受到政治运动的影响,这次尝试并没有完全达到预期的效果,但有其特定的历史意义。

The Chinese Communist Party guides the development of scientific enterprise in China on the principle of Combining Theory with Practice. The relationship between theory and practice is complex. How to comprehend and carry out this principle was one of the key issues for the scientific research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and its development during the period from the founding of the People＇s Republic of China to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in China. Regulations of Supervising Research of CAS （Thirty-six Items for short） in 1964 is the first formal and systematic regulation that tries to work out this issus. Based on archives and oral sources, this paper traces the context of the establishment of Thirtysix Items, and its drawing up, promulgation and being put into effect. It then points out that the essence of Thirty-six Items is the eatagorization of science research work, with the purpose of attempting to protect the theoretical research of CAS under changeable political atmosphere emphasizing extremely and simplistically Combining Theor with Practice, which did have specified significance on CAS＇s history.