河南安阳殷墟出土陶水管与陶器的对比研究

A Comparative Study of Ceramic Water Pipe and Ceramic Tile Excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins in Henan

采用X射线荧光(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热膨胀(DIL)等分析手段对比研究了安阳商代陶水管的制作工艺,发现陶水管化学成分中各类熔剂的质量分数均略高于对比陶片中熔剂的质量分数,CaO、K2O、MgO等助熔剂与A l2O3的质量比进一步证实该现象,而这种差异性则外在地表现为陶水管的气孔度低于对比陶片以及陶水管热膨胀曲线中出现玻璃化现象,该结果表明陶水管原料应为一种易熔粘土,或者在沉淀粘土中人为地掺和了草木灰类掺和料,这有利于陶水管烧制与成型,有助于熔剂在熔融状态下,较好地进入陶水管中的空隙,使陶水管变得更加致密,一定程度上有利于防止陶水管的渗水,显示出陶水管制作工艺的特殊性。此外重烧曲线表明陶水管的烧成温度较高,基本已达1 000℃。

The fabrication technologies in terms of phase composition, structure, firing temperature, porosity, density and water permeability of ceramic water pipes （CWP） and contrastive ceramic tiles （CT） excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins of Shang dynasty were studied by X-ray fluorescence（ XRF）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and dilatometer（ DIL）, respectively. It was found that the contents of CaO, K2O, MgO and P2O5 in CWP were relatively higher than those in eontrastive CT. The difference was further confirmed by the mass ratio of flux（CaO, K2O or MgO）to Al2O3. It was also found that the porosity of CWP was lower than that of CT and that vetrification phenomenon exhibited in the DIL curves. The results indicated that the raw material of CWP should be a kind of fusical clay or sedimentary clay mixed with plant ashes, since they were beneficial to firing and molding dense and compact CWP to prevent water permeation. Furthermore, the DIL curve suggested that the firing temperature was almost 1 000 ℃.