战后日本大学的改革和发展

Reformatio and Development of the Japanese Colleges after World War II

战后以来,日本大学经历了三次改革和发展。第一次改革是在20世纪40年代末。主要是将战前多种类型、多种水平的高等教育机构统一改组为四年制本科大学和两年制短期大学,同时进行了大学课程改革,形成了所谓"二.二分段"模式。第二次改革发生在20世纪70年代,日本对大学入学考试制度进行了改革,两次入学考试成了日本大学入学考试的基本制度。第三次改革发生在20世纪90年代初,面对当时日本大学出现的新问题,日本大学普遍实行了课程改革,将"二.二分段"模式改为一般教育与专门教育结合的"四年一贯"模式并建立了大学自我评价制度。

Colleges in Japan have undergone three waves of reformation and development since world War Ⅱ. The first wave during the 1940s turned mainly the various types of the pre - War institutions of higher learning into the four - year and the two - year colleges with the reformation of their curricula, known as the two - two model; the 1970s saw the second wave of reformation of the enrollment examination system, thus the two - fold enrollment examination becoming their basic system; whereas the third wave during early of the 1990s implemented the universal reformation of their curricula as against the new issues faced by Japanese colleges, turning the two - two model into that of the four- year colleges combining the general and the professional education into one, and, at the same time, a self- appraisal system of the colleges was established.