论民法上的过错--以过失程度及其判断标准为核心

On Fault in Civil Law Focusing on the Degree of Negligence and Its Judging Rules

过错是一个整体民法上的概念。过错可分为故意和过失。根据判断标准的性质,过失可分为抽象的过失和具体的过失。抽象的过失又可分为重大过失和一般过失。重大过失和具体过失只在法律有明确规定的情形才可作为责任成立的条件或确定责任范围的依据。一般过失的判断标准主要有法定的注意义务、合理人的注意义务、汉德公式等。

Fault, as a general concept in civil law, falls into intent and negligence. According to the nature of the judging rules, negligence may be classified into ab- stract negligence and concrete negligence. Abstract negligence may be further divided into gross negligence and general negligence. Gross negligence and concrete negligence are consid- ered as a condition of liability or a basis for liability scope only when laws regulate explicit- ly. Judging rules of general negligence include legal duty of care, a reasonable person＇s duty of care and the Hand Formula, etc.