北魏境内胡族政策初探--从《大代持节豳州刺史山公寺碑》说起

Northern Wei Policy towards the Non-Han Ethnic Groups under Its Rule:A Tentative Study

关于北魏朝廷对待拓跋、汉人以外的其他胡族政策的演进,新近公布的《大代持节豳州刺史山公寺碑》与关中地区的其他石刻提供了有益参照。北魏立国后,对于境内其他胡族的统治策略围绕两个侧面展开:一是相机逐步推行"离散部落"将部民编户化;另一是沿用魏晋十六国旧制,在胡族聚居区设立护军,创立镇戍制,驻军设官加以镇抚,同时容忍胡族旧有部落组织的存在。两种政策交织并行了很长时间,可以说伴随了北魏一朝。前者源自十六国,后者则是汉族传统羁縻政策的延续。两种政策交替演进与北魏政治局势、军队构成的变化以及国家形态有直接关系。

To learn about the evolution of Northern Wei's policy towards non-Han ethnic groups (Tuoba clan excluded), it is rewarding to refer to the recently unearthed Stele of the Temple Erected by Shan Lei, the Bin Province Governor Bearing the Staff of Authority in the Great State of Dai, and other stone inscriptions discovered in the central Shaanxi plain. Since its inception, Northern Wei had adopted two kinds of strategies in dealing with those ethnic groups: one was the strategy of 'dispersing the tribes' when possible in order to reorganize the people; the other was the continuation of the institution of the Wei, Jin, and the Sixteen Kingdoms of designating military governors and establishing a garrison system while tolerating the previous tribal organizations in concentrated areas of non-Han ethnic groups. The former originated in the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, while the latter was an extension of the traditional control policy toward minorities. These two strategies coexisted for a long time until the end of the Northern Wei dynasty. Their evolution was directly related to Northern Wei political situation, the form of the state and changes in the composition of the military.