汉国匈奴与氐人联盟的解体--以刘乂案为中心

Disintegration of the Alliance between the Kingdom of Han's Xiongnu and the Di(氐) Tribes,as Seen from the Case of Liu Yi

匈奴五部建国之初与氐人单徵部结盟,后者成为刘渊入主中原的重要支持者。但诸史所述刘渊嫡子刘乂身世疑点颇多,刘乂可能是单徵女单后与刘渊婚前所生,在氐人部落中生活多年,并与其首领保持密切联系。刘渊立单氏为皇后的同时封刘乂为北海王,指定刘乂为仅次于太子刘和的第二皇位继承人。刘和死后,刘聪让帝位于刘乂,登基时又承诺日后归政,既是遵从刘渊的遗嘱,也是为争取氐人的合作。然而汉国匈奴与氐人联盟的维系,过分依赖于单后或刘乂,以至刘聪与刘乂关系恶化,迅速造成联盟解体。刘氏汉国国运短促,这是一个不容忽视的原因。

In the early years of the Kingdom of Han, the five Xiongnu tribes made alliance with Shan Zheng, the head of a Di (氐) tribe. The latter became Liu Yuan's major support when he sought to rule the Central Plains. However, historical records about Liu Yuan's son Liu Yi are rather questionable. Liu Yi may have been the son of Liu Yuan and Empress Shan, the daughter of Shan Zheng, and spent many years in the Di tribe, keeping a close relationship with the head of the tribe. When Liu Yuan made Shan his empress, he also made Liu Yi the Prince of Beihai and second heir to the throne immediately following the crown prince, Liu He. After Liu He's death, Liu Cong offered to give up the throne to Liu Yi. When the latter refused it and Liu Cong ascended the throne, but he promised to return the sovereign power to Liu Yi after his death when he reached maturity. That was in accordance with Liu Yuan's last will, and was also an effort to win support from the Di. However, the alliance between the Kingdom of Han's Xiongnu and the Di tribes was solely dependent upon Empress Shan and Liu Yi. When relations between Liu Cong and Liu Yi deteriorated, the alliance soon disintegrated. This is a factor that can never be overlooked when we consider the fate of the Liu family's short-lived kingdom of Han.