成员异质性与农民专业合作社的组织结构分析

On Membership Heterogeneity and Organizational Structure of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives

由于参与主体在资源禀赋、利益偏好和角色作用方面存在显著差异,异质性成员间的合作是当前农民专业合作社的本质特征。基于浙江省372家农民专业合作社的实证研究发现,农民专业合作社的成员结构从一开始就呈现高度的异质性,少数核心成员与多数普通成员并存。在成员异质性条件下,农民专业合作社在产权结构上普遍采用资本化方式,少数核心人员占有相对集中的多数出资额;控制权上主要由少数拥有一定资源和较多出资额的核心成员掌握;在利益分配机制上,在提取公积金、公益金和风险金之后,可分配盈余主要采取按出资比例和交易量(额)在社员之间进行分配,其中出资的作用相对突出。从激励相容的角度来看,当前的组织结构在聚集生产要素和降低代理成本方面体现了效率。

As actors are different in endowment resources, preferred aims and played roles, farmer specialized cooperatives become typical cooperative organizations based on heterogeneous members. This paper aims at understanding ownership structure, control rights structure and benefit allocation mechanism of farmer specialized cooperatives from the perspective of membership heterogeneity, on the basis of the investigations on the practice of 372 farmer specialized cooperatives in Zhejiang Province. The main findings are as follows ： （ 1 ） In the formation process of farmer specialized cooperatives, the membership is of great heterogeneity from the very beginning： a minority of core members and a majority of common members. （2） Under the heterogeneous membership, shareholding is popular among cooperatives, most of which are usually composed of a minority of big shareholders （core members） and a majority of small shareholders （common members）. The board of directors are usually composed of core members who hold most of control rights on decision-making, and the cooperatives surplus is usually divided two parts-retention as public accumulation in cooperatives and distribution among members mainly according to members patronage and shareholding which is relatively more important. （3） From the incentive compatibility perspective, the current organizational structure is an efficient system, which can help centralize production factors and reduce some agent problems.