大司农的演变与汉代的农业经营

The Evolution of Dasinong and Agricultural Management in Han Dynasty

大司农是汉代掌管农业的最高行政官员,其演变反映了两汉各阶段农业经营的不同状况。武帝初年的官制改革增加了大司农管理国家财政的职能,也加大了其参与农业再生产的能力。西汉中后期大司农在农业开发中投入大量人力、物力、财力的情况与汉初治粟内史的无所作为形成了鲜明对照。在西汉二元财政体制下,大司农的收入主要来自农业。由于田租、口赋数额相对固定,从增加财政收入出发,官营农业成为大司农经营的重点。但随着公田萎缩以及帝室财政与国家财政的合流,公田收益对国家财政影响减少,东汉后大司农将发展农业的主动权交给了地方政府。大司农放弃对农业的直接经营,不仅造成了汉代农业开发重心的转移,也加速了农民人身依附关系的发展。

Dasinong is the tiptop administrator in charge of agriculture in the Han dynasty. Its evolution reflected the differences in agricultural management between different stages of the East and West Han Dynasties. Dasinong is granted the function to handle national finance at the beginning of Wudi＇s reign, whose bureaucratic system increased Dasinong＇s capacity to participate in agricultural reproductions. Dasinong invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources in agricultural exploitations, which formed a sharp contrast with nothing-dowell minister of corn in the early Han Dynasty. Under the dualistic finance system of the West Han dynasty, Dasinong＇s income mostly came from agriculture. So Dasinong paid great attention to state agriculture for the sake of increasing income. With the shrinkage of national farmland and the interflow of national finance and royal finance, the influence of national farmland on the national finance lessened, Dasinong handed over the authority of charging agriculture to local governments in the East Han dynasty, which not only resulted in the transfer of agricultural expansion focus, but also accelerated the development of farmers attaching themselves to the rich and powerful.