全球知识经济中的高等教育

Higher Education in the Global Knowledge Economy

许多国家的政府政策和学术工作都认同在世界范围的知识经济中,高等教育和研究的作用与日俱增,高等教育和知识同时具有全球性、国家性和地方性的特点。高等教育由国家政府各个部门共同孕育,而且其模式受到社会投资方式的影响,跨境或者全球层面的高等教育活动逐渐增加,尤其是对于知识而言。通过研究变化中的全球高等教育图景。可以为政府和国家政策、大学发展战略及国际机构提供建议。

In many nations government policy and scholarly work have identified the growing role of higher education and research in the world-wide knowledge economy.The role of higher education is not limited to fostering the economic development of na- tions and providing opportunities for individuals,it extends also to promotion of cul- tural diversity,political democracy and trade.Emphasis is rightly placed on how higher education can better serve society and promote international cooperation. However,as yet little attention has been given to how higher education and research are themselves being reshaped by globalization,with significant'feed-back'effects into nations. Higher education and knowledge are simultaneously global,national and local (Marginson and Bhoades,2002).Higher education is nested in national government everywhere,and shaped by patterns of social investment.At the same time the cross- border or global dimension of activity is growing,especially in relation to knowledge. By studying the changing global landscape of higher education,we can draw out the implications for the policies of governments and national identity,for the develop- mental strategies of universities,and for international agencies. The paper maps,summarizes and synthesizes this changing global landscape.It focuses on trends and patterns in the cross-border mobility of students and staff,the growth of educational trade,research publication and research concentrations by na- tion,ICT-connectivity,language of use,and cross-border policy flows.Most of the interaction between nations in higher education takes the form not of trade but of free exchange and cooperation,i.e.the production of global public goods.The paper draws on(1)recent research for policy papers prepared for the OECD on globaliza- tion and higher education,and the internationalization of higher education in the A- sia-Pacific region,(2)case studies of leading research universities in eight Asia-Pa- cific nations,and(3)comparative data from the OECD,UNESCO and the World Bank. While there is a general trend to increased international engagement of higher education,the actual level of engagement,and knowledge economy capacity,vary markedly between nations and regions.One feature of the global knowledge system is the position of the United States,with 54 of the top 100 research universities in the 2007 Shanghai Jiao Tong listing,and one third of the world's scientific papers.The USA is a magnet for world-wide talent,enrolling 100,000 foreign doctoral students. But a new wave of Asian science powers is emerging in China(including Hong Kong and Taiwan),Singapore and Korea.In China,between 1988 and 2001 the number of scientific papers produced each year multiplied by 4.5 times.In Singapore the ra- tio was 6.3 times.From 2003 to 2007 the number of universities from China in the Jiao Tong top 500 rose from 18 to 25,with mainland universities rising front 8 to 14. Shifts of this magnitude suggest that in higher education and research a more pluralis- tic cultural and linguistic environment will develop.