技、道之思——兼论美的本质问题

On Zhuangzi’s Ji and Tao——On Essence of Aesthetics

技与道的关系是庄子哲学尤其关注的一个重要问题。庄子的道既是本体论、认识论,又是方法论、实践论。庄子的认识论和实践论是一而二、二而一的。庄子的技不同于以动力机械为特征的现代技术,而是更多地与艺相通,与个体心灵的创造性相关,能在超越层面上与道合一而游于自由之境。技低于道,但能载道,道又是技的出发点,亦是道的升华和飞跃,技与道是密不可分地联系在一起的。通过出神入化、得心应手的技艺操作所达到的技道合一的境界实际上就是一种审美的自由境界,而美也因此成为实践活动的自由形式。

The relationship between Ji and Tao is an important question in the philosophy ofZhuangzi. Zhuangzi＇s Tao is not only the ontology and the epistemology, but also the methodology and the positivism. Zhuangzi＇s epistemology and positivism are combined with each other. Zhuangzi＇s Ji is different from the modem technology which characterizes the power mechanism, but is more interlinked with the skill, and is related with the individual mind＇s creativity. Zhuangzi＇s Ji can be integrated with Tao in the exceeding extent. Ji is below Tao, but can contain Tao. Tao is the starting point of Ji, and the Ji is the sublimation and surmounting of Tao. Ji and Tao are indiscerptible to each other. The integration of Ji and Tao by skilled practice in fact is a kind of esthetic free realm, and the aesthetics is also the free form of practical activities.