唐代女冠的创作及其对唐代文学的影响

The Female Taoists’Creation and Its Influence on the Literature in the Tang Dynasty

女冠是唐代一个特殊的女性群体,她们的生活、思想与传统闺阁女性大不相同,她们的地位较之世俗女性有所改善,可以以独立人的身份(如作为道师、道观主持人)接人待物,应酬世事,其生活的自由度较之传统女性高。女冠特殊的生活使她们广泛自由地与文人名士交往,一起宴饮、集会、郊游、酬唱,唐代文人的文才风流、浪漫情趣大大触发了她们的创作热情。作为创作主体,女冠们不仅写出了别具特色的赠答诗,而且也写出了不同于传统特色的爱情诗。同时,特殊的地位、频繁的社交,形成了女冠见多识广的人生阅历、与众不同的心理框架和洒脱旷达的思维方式,这使女冠们对世态人情、爱情婚姻、社会人生的体验和感悟较之世俗女性更深刻,表现出一种超越时代的女性意识,为唐代文学添写了绚丽的一笔。作为创作客体,女冠的身份行为也影响了男性文人的小说创作,使他们改变了以往对女性形象的塑造传统,为唐代文学增添了丰富的内容。女冠的创作在唐代文学中应占有一席之地。

As one unique female group in the Tang Dynasty, the female Taoists were greatly different from the traditional female in the aspects of living and thinking, i.e., their social status was to a certain degree more improved than the traditional female. In other words, they could participate in the social activities as an independent individual, as a result of which they enjoyed a more freedom in living than the latter. Their unique living style made it possible for them to communicate freely and broadly with the talent literary people such as drinking, assembly, outing, and reply-singing. And consequently, their creation zest was greatly motivated by the literary people＇ s talent and romantic sentiment. As the subject of literature creation, they created not only unique presenting and replying poems, but also love poems different from the traditional ones. At the same time, the special status and the frequent social communication contribute to their experienced life, different psychological frame, and broad-minded thinking mode, which made them have a more profound understanding of the ways of the world, love and marriage, experience and awareness of social life, than the traditional female, which manifested their female consciousness surpassing the times and made the literature in the Tang Dynasty more colorful. As the objective of literature creation, their identities and behaviors influenced the male literary people＇s creation and made them change the traditional description of the female images, which enriched the literature creation in the Tang Dynasty. In a word, the female Taoists＇ literary creation should have its relevant position in the literature of the Tang Dynasty.