雪灾防范的制度与技术--青藏高原东部牧区的人类学观察

The System and Techniques for the Prevention of Snow Hit:An Anthropological Observation of the Pasturing Areas in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

本文以青藏高原东部牧区的两个村子为个案,考察了当地雪灾防范制度和技术在过去百年间的变化过程,认为雪灾防范的制度和技术受到自然环境变化和社会经济制度的影响。在20世纪50年代之前,当地牧民主要是通过强化草场共有属性,严格轮牧制度,充分利用当地特有自然条件来防范雪灾。在人民公社时期,引进了许多外来新技术,丰富了防范雪灾的技术,然而生产资料的公有制和平均主义的分配原则使牧民对保护草场和缓解雪灾损失缺乏积极性。家庭承包制的实行激发了牧民的生产积极性,而政府财力的增长也对开展灾害救助等公共服务提供了有利的条件,但由于气候变暖、草场退化、人口大幅增长等因素影响,牧民的雪灾风险呈上升趋势,提高和完善防范雪灾的能力仍然是当地政府和牧民面临的重大挑战。

Basing on the case of two villages in the pasturing area in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this paper argues that,in past century,the system and technique for the prevention of snow hit are effected by the change of the natural environment and social and economic system.Before the 1950s,the local herdsmen prevent snow hit through the strengthening of the common grassland,strict rotational pasturing system and taking full advantage of the natural conditions.In the time of people’s commune,new techniques were drawn into the villages.However,people were lack of activity to prevent grassland from snow hit because of public ownership of the production means and equalitarian rule of distribute.Family-contract responsibility system made the herdsmen more productive and the improvement of financing resource of local government is valuable for the public service like prevention of snow hit.On the other hand,the risk of snow hit increases because of climate warming,grassland degradation and growing population.Therefore,it is still a big challenge to promote and perfect the abilities to prevent snow hit.