国家权力扩张下的民族地方政治秩序建构——晚清康区改流中的制度性选择

The Construction of the Local Political Order in Ethnic Region under the Expansion of State Power:Institutional Choice of the Reform of Xikang Area

鸦片战争以后,中央王朝逐渐意识到对民族地方社会的控制能力对于国家安全具有重要意义,因此摒弃了以"羁縻怀柔"为基本原则的传统治边政策,代之以寻求边疆与内地政治体制一体化。从传统中寻求到的制度性变革被视为国家扩张权力的有效途径,改土归流这一传统的改革措施,在新的时代背景下被赋予了中国现代化转型的全新意义。对康区的改流规划,经历了仿金川五屯改制、增设厅道、仿宁夏青海之例采用军府制、新建行省等不同方案的讨论和尝试,最终结果选择了"设立军府制的川滇边务大臣衙门"。康区的改土归流,是中国近代社会中国家对民族地方事务从有限干预到全面干预的转变过程。中国政治传统中的多元权力中心和自治因素,在清末的现代化运动中逐渐弱化和消失。

After Opium War,the Qing dynasty came to realize that the control to the ethnic area was very important for the state security.The effort integrating different political system of frontier and backland took place of the traditional policy of controlling chieftain.The traditional reform model was regarded as an efficient path and endowed with modern meaning.The plans of reform,such as reform after the pattern of Jinchuan and Qinghai,addition of the new agency like Ting(厅) and Dao(道),establishment of new province,have been discussed even test.The plan of setting Yamen of Secretary of Frontier Stuff in Sichuan and Yunnan was selected finally.The reform of Xikang was part of the change from limited to overall intervention to the ethnic areas.In the process of the modernization of Late Qing,traditional polynary power and autonomous elements have been wakening and fading away.