明代官员政治地位升迁中的年资因素——以徽州进士为中心的考察

The Factor of Seniority in Promoting of Official's Political Status in Ming Dynasty——The observation according to Huizhou Jinshi

重视年资,是传统官僚政治体制下对官员考评、铨叙、升迁过程中所表现出来的共有现象,这种现象在明代尤为显著。在明代徽州156位任职时间可考的进士中,任职时间14年以下者,其高官机会几乎为零,而任职时间超过30年者,其高官机会则为0.88。可见,年资的积累,是官员地位升迁的一项非常重要的政治资本。由于官员考课制度缺少清晰的、可操作的硬性标准,年资因素逐渐成了一个刚性的衡量尺度,进而决定了官员的升迁机会和政治前途。

Emphasizing seniority is a common phenomenon of official selecting, evaluating and promoting under the classical bureaucracy in Ancient China. This phenomenon is more notable in Ming Dynasty. There are 156 Jinshi in Huizhou of Ming Dynasty ones whose term of office have historical records,among whose term not more than 14 years, his probability nearly zero, and whose term no less than 30 years, his probability is 0.88. Therefore, accumulating seniority is an important political capital of officials in promoting their political status. Seniority becomes the main factor because of the official evaluation system in Ming Dynasty. For there is no dear, practicable rigid standards, gradually, the seniority becomes a rigid measurement in deciding an official＇s promoting chance and his political future.