民国时期陕西创建公共卫生体系活动探析

On the Establishment of Public Health System in Shaanxi in the Period of Republic of China

民国21年,大旱后的关中爆发了"虎列拉"疫病。陕西国民政府在总结疫情惨痛教训之后,开出了医治创伤的药方。即以"防疫"为重心、建立"陕西防疫处"。以此为发端,近代陕西公共卫生体系初现端倪。"陕西防疫处"通过推行卫生助理员制度,初步建立起从省到县、乡,集防疫、医药、保健为一体的公共卫生体系。卫生助理员制度在公共卫生知识的宣传、公共卫生观念的形成、公共环境卫生的调查以及卫生防疫工作的普及方面发挥了较显著的作用。卫生助理员制度的推行过程,则反映了公共卫生问题的解决有赖于政府主导角色的发挥、社会各界的广泛认同与参与,以及社会结构各部分的协同变革。

In the 21st year of Republic of China, an epidemic of ＂acute cholera＇broke out in Guanzhong after the severe drought. After the summarization of the epidemic lessons, Shaanxi nationalist government filled a prescription of curing the trauma, i.e., the establishment of ＂Shaanxi Epidemic Prevention Centre＇with ＂the prevention of epidemic＂ as the focus. With this as the onset, the modem Shaanxi public health system showed its beginning. Though the facilitation of health assistant system, ＂Shaanxi Epidemic Prevention Centre＂ initially set up the public health system of prevention from province to county and township, which combined the prevention of epidemic, medicine and health care as a whole. The health assistant system exerted its outstanding role in the publicity of public health knowledge and the formation of public health notion, the investigation of public environment as well as the popularization of health and prevention work. The process of the facilitation of health assistant system reflected the settlement to public health issues consisted in the exploitation of government leading roles, the widespread recognition in all the circles in the society as well as the coordinating reformation in various parts of social structure.