蟹类微卫星DNA标记的筛选及其在遗传学研究中的应用

Development of Microsatellite DNA Markers and Their Applications in Genetic Studies in Crabs

微卫星DNA标记是近年来最受研究者青睐的分子标记之一。由于其具有高度多态性、共显性遗传、基因组中含量丰富且随机分布等特点,已被应用于种群分化研究、亲缘分析、基因连锁分析、进化以及生态学研究等许多领域。近年来,蟹类微卫星的研究报道日益增多。文中对蟹类微卫星分离方法、引物设计、遗传学特性以及在种群遗传、家系分析、遗传多样性评价等方面的最新研究进展进行综述,并分析微卫星分析中无效等位基因(null allele)、"结巴"带(stutter bands)和上游等位基因"扩增丢失"现象(upper allelic dropout)的产生原因以及对微卫星基因型判读带来的影响。

In the last few years, microsatellites have become one of the most popular molecular markers used with applications in many different fields. Microsatellite DNA is among the most efficient class of molecular markers due to their hyper-variable and co-dominant nature with relatively high abundance and random distribution in the genome, and has been applied to a variety of fields including population differentiation, kinship analysis, linkage analysis, and evolutional and ecological studies. Recently, studies on microsatellites in crabs are increasing. In this article, we review the isolation methods, primer of design, developmental status and genetic characteristics of microsatellites, and their applications in studies on population study, pedigree analysis, assessment of genetic diversity, and analyze the causes resulting in null alleles, stutter bands, upper allelic dropouts and their effects on the genotyping of microsatellites.