蝌蚪人的出现:儿童涂鸦发展研究述评

Drawing Tadpole People:A Review of the Research on Development of Children's Doodling

儿童能在涂鸦过程中"绘画"出蝌蚪人标志着儿童已经具有了较高水平的绘画表征能力。以皮亚杰为代表的认知心理学家认为"蝌蚪人"的不完善性在于儿童绘画认知存在缺陷,而以高乐姆为代表的跨文化研究认为蝌蚪人在结构上已经是人的等价物,是儿童创造性智能的一种表现。儿童涂鸦发展阶段论的专家强调儿童涂鸦的基本造型与发展顺序,而涂鸦发展非阶段论的专家则认为,涂鸦并不是出现蝌蚪人的充分条件与必要条件。尽管在研究方法与认识范畴上存在差异,但大多数学者都认为儿童早期涂鸦阶段中图画媒介的丰富性、儿童视觉—动作的协调技能发展对儿童绘画认知的发展具有重要意义。

The ability to draw tadpole people （TP） in their doodling indicates that children have acquired higher skills of pictorial representation. Cognitive psychologists, such as Jean Piaget, believe that the imperfection of TP images is due to children＇s cognitive deficiencies in painting, whereas cross-cultural researchers, represented by Claire Golomb, argue that TP is a human equivalent as far as the structure is concerned, which manifests the intellectual creativity of children. While some experts highlight the basic composition and developmental sequence of children＇ s doodling, others hold that doodling is not a necessary and sufficient condition for children＇ s drawing of TP. With all the differences among researchers in methodology and epistemology, it is generally agreed that the rich pictorial media available for young children＇ s doodling, and the improvement in children＇ s vision-action coordination skills, are of great importance to the development of children＇ s pictorial cognition.