民俗习惯在民事诉讼中类型化研究

The Classification of Folk Customs in Common Pleas

从诉讼角度观察,民俗习惯可分为习惯法和事实上的习惯两类,前者为一般的法的渊源,规范当事人的权利和义务。而后者则以客观实际存在为标准,其与经验法则相关。前者为"法官知法"和当事人举证的范畴,与法官的适用法律密切相关;后者为当事人接受,并被认同为客观状态有关,与法官的事实审查的客观化程度密切相关,如解释当事人的意思表示和当事人的法律行为等。在双方当事人均无反对的情况下,应视为接受该民俗习惯的约束。在民俗习惯与民法中任意性规范冲突时,民俗习惯起到一种变更规范的作用。法官根据宪法和公序良俗的判断,对民俗习惯进行选择适用,从而对民俗习惯进行控制。民俗习惯不仅在诉讼中的事实认定方面起到作用,而且在裁判的价值判断上影响具体案件的审理。对二者错误的理解与适用,将成为导致案件可能构成再审的事由和二审改判的依据。

Folk customs can be classified into two categories： unwritten law and de facto customs. The former is the source of the generally applied law, which stipulates the disputing parties＇ rights and obligations. The latter focuses on the actual existence, which is related to law of experience. In the case of the former, the judge applies the accepted law and the disputing parties cite evidences, which is closely related to the law applied. In the case of the latter, the disputing parties accept the de facto custom as well as the fact that it is related to both the actual existence and the importance the judge attaches to the actual existence in interpreting the disputing parties＇ implied meanings and their legal actions. If neither of the party objects to the de facto custom, it means they accept it. When the custom runs into conflict with arbitrary norms in civil law, the folk custom will play the role of modifying norms. In light of constitution, law and order and well-accepted folk customs, a judge could apply and guide folkcustoms. The folk customs not only help to make cognizance of evidence but also influence the value judgment in ruling a specific case. Moreover, a wrong understandirig and misuse of these two may result in the origin of a retrial and the cause of adjustment of the ruling of a retrial.