从村寨空间到村寨博物馆——贵州村寨博物馆的文化保护实践

From Inhabited Areas to Museums in Villages——Cultural Conservation Practice of Village Museums in Guizhou

贵州自20世纪80年代以来在文化遗产保护的实践方面进行了许多本土化的探索,"村寨/露天博物馆"就是其中之一。这种以村落为单位的文化保护实践,与后来从国外引进的"生态博物馆"以及目前国家所倡导的"文化生态保护区"有许多相似之处,基本把握住了文化保护的主体性。对这一已有20多年时间的文化保护实践项目的样本考察表明,村寨博物馆其实也是一种新农村建设运动。当一个传统的村落空间被置于博物馆话语之下时,村民便开始了一种"破冰式"的文化传承与文化生产的现代性建构之旅。因此,哪怕是一个目标旨在文化保护的项目,也是一种不同于当地文化的异质文化传通,是一种文化资本与社会力量的介入,它终究成为村落社会文化变迁的动力,甚至成为颠覆村落社会秩序的发动机。

From 1980s, Guizhou province has already done a lot, of localization exploration in the practical aspects of cultural heritage protection which ＇Village/Open-pit museum＇ was one of them. This cultural conservation practice （taking the hamlet as one unit） is very similar to ＇Eco-Museum＇ introduced from abroad and ＇Cultural Ecological Protection Area＇ advocated by the government for grasping the subjectivity of culture protection. An investigation on this cultural conservation practical project sample in 20 years shows village museums belongs to new countryside construction movement indeed. When a traditional inhabited area is located in the context of museum, villagers begin their journey with the main content of ＇ ice-breaking＇ cultural inheritance and modernity construction of cultural production. Hence, even though it is a project with the purpose of culture protection, it is a kind of heterogeneous culture tradition which is different with the local culture and an intervention of cultural capital and social forces. Moreover, it will become the power to the rural social and cultural changes and engine which may subvert the rural social order in the end.