中国黑钙土地区土地整理方法探讨

Methods of land consolidation in chernozems region of China

黑钙土具有较高肥力,但土地利用方式与自然条件(坡度、气候等)的限制会使黑钙土地区存在一定程度的土壤侵蚀与退化,通过土地整理增强其水土保持能力与耕地生产力。该文将GIS与遥感影像引入土地整理,根据研究区土壤特性与地理要素,通过运用GIS软件并结合模拟分析方法,探讨适宜于黑钙土地区耕地整理中田、水、路、林的设计方法。研究结果:黑钙土地区土地平整应依据实际生产方式与土壤特性采取修改局部地形面方法;农田水利设施需采用喷灌系统进行节水灌溉;田间道路设计须根据实地条件与生产方式最大限度节约耕地;营造防护林以减缓有害风;注重培肥地力、改变耕作方式以改良土壤。研究结论:黑钙土地区耕地整理应针对侵蚀区域进行局部平整,避免大规模表土搬运与平整,同时采用喷灌设施,改善生态环境,并注重土壤改良,保持黑钙土肥力。

Generally, the chernozem has higher soil fertility. But the restrictions of land use and natural conditions （such as slope, climate, etc.） result in a certain degree of soil erosion and degradation of chernozem. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to maintain the productivity of cultivated land and enhance the conservation of water and soil of chernozem by land consolidation. GIS and remote sensing image were introduced into land consolidation. According to the characteristics of soil and geographical elements of the study area, we used GIS software, combined with simulation analysis method, to explore the appropriate design that is suitable for farmland, water, road and forest in cultivated land consolidation for chernozem area. The result indicated that： land leveling in chernozem area should be based on the actual mode of production and soil characteristics to amend the local topographic surface; water conservancy works of farmland should adopt sprinkler irrigation system to save water; field road design requires to be based on field conditions in order to maximize conservation of the farmland; creating a shelter to mitigate the harmful wind, focusing on raising soil fertility, and changing tillage methods to improve soil. The conclusions are： we should aim at soil erosion area to implement local land leveling during cultivated land consolidation in chernozem area, and avoid large scale transportation and leveling of surface soil. At the same time, sprinkler irrigation facilities and improve ecological environment were used. In addition, paying attention to soil improvement and conserving soil fertility are also more significant.