稻田土壤氮素损失及环境污染的控制对策

Nitrogen losses from paddy soils and the countermeasures of controlling environmental pollution

文章从管理实践角度综述了氨挥发、反硝化及渗漏损失控制对策的研究进展:应用含钙镁钾的氯化物或硝酸盐、脲酶和藻类抑制剂、改性尿素与缓释肥及深施氮肥可降低氨挥发损失;使用硝化抑制剂、缓释肥、含高多酚高蛋白的植物残体及深施氮肥可以降低反硝化损失;增加水分利用率、使用缓释肥和硝化抑制剂、粘闭土壤层、种植捕获和地表覆盖作物、利用作物原地截流可以降低渗漏损失。另外在水稻种植上使用促进植物生长的微生物,通过促进水稻的吸收减少施氮量,是降低氮素对环境污染的有效策略。

This paper reviews the literatures on decreasing nitrogen losses from the soil-water system. Ammonia volatilization losses can be reduced by applying soluble chloride or nitrate salts of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, urease, and algal inhibitors, by deep placement of N fertilizers, by using modified forms of urea, and slow-release fertilizers.Denitrification losses can be reduced by use of nitrification inhibitors, deep placement of N fertilizers, use of slow-release fertilizers, and application of plant residues with high polyphenol content and high protein binding capacity. Leaching losses can be reduced by increasing water-use efficiency, using slow-release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors, puddhng the rice fields, planting catch and cover crops, and using crop residues in situ. The use of plant-growth promoting microorganisms in rice culture can reduce the need of N fertilizer by rice plants and can thus reduce the environmental pollutions due to N losses.