文化试错的民族寓言：《罪与罚》的一种解读

A Trial and Error of Cultures as National Allegory:An Interpretation of Crime and Punishment

对《罪与罚》已有的多角度观照并未穷尽对这部经典作品内涵的诠释。本文将《罪与罚》纳入19世纪俄罗斯知识者先学西方文化后回归本土文化的大背景中来观照。陀思妥耶夫斯基在19世纪40年代受空想社会主义等西方思潮影响,50年代以后归依东正教、首倡"土壤"理论,回归俄罗斯传统文化。作家本人对文化试错的反思,映射为《罪与罚》中拉斯柯尼科夫文化抉择的叙事深层结构。借鉴格雷马斯符号学的矩阵图,分析体现文化冲突的主人公犯罪和救赎的叙事轴,同时分析其他人物在两种文化之间的抉择,由此得出结论:《罪与罚》表达了对作家本人文化试错的理智清算,对俄罗斯民族文化选择的深刻反思。

There are abundant studies of Crime and Punishment from many different angles, yet the interpretation of this classical work has not been exhausted. This article studies Crime and Punishment in the background where Russian intellectuals earlier learned from Western Culture and later returned to the Russian culture in the 19th century. Influenced by Utopian Socialism and other Western thoughts in the 1840s, Dostoevsky was converted to the Orthodox Church in 1850s, and initiated the ＂Soil Theory＂, advocating the return to the Russian traditional culture. The author＇s meditation on trial-and-error of cultures is reflected in the deep narratiw~ structure of Raskonikov＇s choice of cultures in Crime and Punishment. With A. J. Greimas＇ semiotic rectangle as a source of reference, this article analyzes the narrative axis of the dramatis personae＇s crime and redemption, which embodies cultural conflicts, and analyzes other characters＇ choice between two cuhures. Thus the article draws the conclusion that Crime and Punishment expressed the author＇s reasonable reckoning of trial-and-error of cultures and his profound reflection upon the cultural choice of the Russians.