免疫增强剂在对虾生产中的研究与应用现状

Research Status and Application on Shrimp Immunostimulants

免疫增强剂是指能够通过提高机体的非特异性免疫功能来增强其抗应激和对病原体的抵抗能力的物质。研究表明,对虾的酚氧化酶原激活系统可被免疫增强剂激活,在激活过程中产生一系列活性物质,通过多种形式参与宿主防御反应,在对虾的免疫识别、防卫及细胞信息传递中发挥着重要作用。免疫增强剂具有作用广泛、特性稳定、安全高效、适宜于作为饲料添加剂来替代抗生素等特点,目前在对虾广泛应用的免疫增强剂主要有免疫多糖类、益生菌、草药提取物、营养因子类物质和生物活性物质等五大种类,文章对它们的作用机理及其应用发展趋势进行了阐述。

Immunostimulants are valuable for the prevention and control of shrimp diseases and may be useful in shrimp culture, Immunostimulants can enhance the immunocompetence of shrimps,which can contribute to health of shrimps,making them more immune to many kinds of bacterial pathogens and to parasitic infections. These immunostimulants mainly facilitate the function of phagocytic cells and increase their bactericidal activities. Recent progress shows that the prophenoloxidase activating system can be activated by immunostimulants. Several components are produced during the activation and involved in host defence. The prophenoloxidase system plays an important role in the host recongnition,defence and cell-tocell communication. Therefore, immunostimulants can reduce the losses caused by disease in aquaculture. Immunostimulants,with characteristics of stability, security, efficiency and other features,can be used as feed additives to replace antibiotics. Immune polysaccharides,probiotic bacteria, Chinese herb extracts,vitamins,bioactive microbial products were reported as primary immunostimulants in aquaculture . Several immunostimulants and their effective mechanisms were reviewed, and the future research tendency in immunostimulant application were described.