道德虚无主义的思想讲义--论米兰·昆德拉的小说美学

Milan Kundera's Moral Apathy

米兰·昆德拉小说曾经风靡世界,但只要仔细分析就可看出,他的小说所崇尚的是掩藏在"自我"、"存在"这些时髦外表之下的道德虚无主义。虽然虚无主义否定一切道德标准,但仍然以自我为标准,表现出极端的个人主义。昆德拉按照自己的道德标准创作小说,塑造人物;其人物普遍的性格特征是道德上的自私冷漠,展现在政治与性两大小说主题上,便是在政治上缺乏正义感,在性爱上缺乏爱心。昆德拉的小说创作实质成为了他的小说美学的思想讲义,诠释着他对小说的基本观念。昆德拉倡导一种"相对性美学",认为一切都失去了确定性,一切都是相对的,这种相对性美学的思想根源便是存在主义哲学,典型地反映了第二次世界大战以来一代人的信仰的缺失。

This article analyses the moral consciousness in the novels of Milan Kundera as reflected in his characters, pointing out that Kundera draws off the moral bases of literature and exhibits moral nihilism. Most of his characters have a personality of selfishness and apathy in morality, with concrete exhibitions in having almost no consciousness of justice in the field of politics and no consciousness of love in sex. The phenomena of Kundera is typical of our time, reflecting a lack of faith in the generation after the World War Ⅱ.