周边区域湿地景观变化对洪河保护区涉禽栖息地的影响

Effects of landscape change of wetlands on habitats of waterfowls within Honghe Nature Reserve by its surrounding area

以三江平原洪河国家级保护区及其周边3个农场为研究区域,利用GIS技术和栖息地评价模型方法,探讨了周边区域湿地景观变化对保护区内景观结构以及丹顶鹤、东方白鹳栖息地的影响。结果显示:(1)自1983年区域土地开发以来,周边区域湿地景观面积减少了63%,景观类型多样性趋于单一化;(2)保护区内湿地景观结构改变明显,类型多样性呈降低趋势,丹顶鹤和东方白鹳栖息地面积和空间分布均发生变化;(3)保护区与周边区域湿地景观连通度降低了70%,其结果严重改变了保护区与周边区域的景观生态联系,削弱了保护区原有湿地景观多样性和涉禽栖息地功能;(4)必须从景观尺度,恢复保护区周边一定面积的湿地景观结构,维持保护区与周边区域适当的景观生态联系,是有效管理和维护保护区可持续发展的最佳手段之一。

Honghe Nature Reserve, located in the heart of the Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang province, is one of the most important Nature Reserves in China and one of the largest Ramsar sites in the world. Honghe Nature Reserve was rich in biodiversity especially as waterfowl habitats supported hundreds of Red-crowned Cranes and Oriental-white Storks. But, the population of waterfowl has declined sharply since land reclamation of the area surrounding the Reserve. Conservation measures have led to the establishment of Honghe Nature Reserve to insure the persistence of habitats and population of waterfowl at a regional scale. However, little is known about the effects of landscape change of wetlands on habitats of waterfowl within the Reserve by changes to its surrounding area. This paper selected Honghe Nature Reserve and its surrounding three Farms as a research site, applying GIS techniques and habitat evaluation models to explore landscape change on wetland landscape structure of surrounding farms and its effects on habitats of Red-crowned Crane and Oriental- white Stork within Honghe Nature Reserve. Results show that： （1） Wetland area decreased 63% since intensive land reclamation occurred the farms surrounding Honghe Nature Reserve in 1983, which resulted a significant decline in wetland landscape diversity; （2） wetland landscape structure within Honghe Nature Reserve also showed significant variation, and the original high diversity landscape changed to a low diversity state, which resulted in great variation in area and spatial distribution of habitats for Red-crown Crane and Oriental-white Stork ; （3） the connectivity between Honghe Nature Reserve and its surrounding farms declined to 70%, which indicates that the original matrix of wetland around Honghe Nature Reserve has been changed and the Nature Reserve has become an ＂isolated island＂ on the landscape scale, which resulted in a change in relationship between the landscape ecology of the Nature Reserve and its surrounding farm areas, especially seriously destroying the water balance between the Reserve and its surrounding areas, so the original diversity of wetland landscape types and habitat functions for waterfowl has been destroyed; （4） restoration of some areas of wetlands to their original landscape structure in the surrounding areas of Honghe Nature Reserve, to maintain the relationship of landscape ecology between the Nature reserve and its surrounding areas, is one of the best ways to effectively manage and maintain the capacity for sustainability of the Honghe Nature Reserve in the future.