日本江户时期的武术

Wu Shu in the Edo Age of Japan

日本江户时代前期,承继战国(1467—1574)之风,统治阶级提倡武术,一批武术优秀人物探讨武术理论,从"武术技能"、"战斗的胜负"、"人的生死"进行联系探究,武术实践者同时吸取和歌道、茶道、能乐②等艺术养分,丰富了武术的表现内容,并奠定了日本武术哲学的基础。江户中期的和平环境使武术走向艺术化,部分武士为适应时代的发展和谋生的需要,开设武术教学道场,武术教学体制逐渐完善。武术技术程式化,教学分等级,口诀、暗语、秘传书等方法盛行。山田光德、长沼四郎等研究发明了竹刀与护具,用于剑术的格斗比试与训练,使武术回归到以实战对抗为中心的原点,得到健康发展。江户末期,日本社会内外困扰,动乱社会环境使武术重新走向辉煌时期,幕末出现了一批武艺高强和道德高尚的名人与著名的流派。

In the early Edo age of Japan, influenced by the Warring Period, the ruling class advocated Wushu. A lot of Wushu talents did research on Wushu skills, fights＇winning or losing, as well as human＇s living or death, some of whom enriches Wushu expressions and laid the foundation of Japanese Wushu philosophy through taking in the nutrients of song and tea culture. In the mid Edo age, the peace made Wushu tend to be artistic. To adpat to the social development and meet the need of life, some warriors opened Wushu Clubs, which made Wushu teaching system came to be perfected. The Wushu skills were programmed, teaching was classified and some methods prevailed, such as jingles, watchwords and esoteric books. Some invented bambaoo knives and protective pads. When fighting or practising, they used them, which got Wushu centered on actual fighting to healthily develop. In the late Edo age, Japan was in a turmoil, which made Wushu go to the magnificent time again. A lot of famous people and groups beth good at Wushu and of high morality appeared by the end of this time.