东汉末季之家兵与世兵制的初步形成

Private Troops at the End of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Initial Formation of Hereditary Military Service System

东汉末季之家兵与宗伍有联系更有区别,二者不可混同。当时的家兵有两种类型,即豪强地主之家兵和统军将领的家兵,他们都是在特定社会经济及政治环境下的产物。汉末家兵的数量,开初约三至四万人左右,后来由于统兵将领把国家军队私家化,加之其大量招募和收降,实有家兵远远超过这个数据。对这些家兵给养的经费来源,存在多种情况,或由主人私养,或豪富资助,但主要是靠政府的财政支拨和就地筹措。随着家兵职业化的加固,人身依附关系增强,世兵制也就首先从家兵中逐渐形成。

The private troops （Jia bing） at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty were much different from the clan＇ s militia （ Zong wu）, although one of them was at some degree related with the other. There were two types of private troops at that time. One was private troops of big landowners and the other private troops of military leaders. Both of them were originated from a special social - economic and political situation. At the beginning there were almost 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers in private troops;anyway, the number boosted a lot along with the military leaders taking country＇ s troops as their own troops, enlisting newcomers and accepting surrenders. To keep the troops was generally through different ways：the masters＇ providing with their own money, or rich families＇ supporting. However,it mainly depended on the government＇ s expenditure or the funds raised on the spot. The system of hereditary military service was formed along with the situation that soldiers attached themselves more and more to their masters and private troops became more and more as a profession.