现代城市环境治理:美、德、日等国案例分析

Measures and Experience:Urban Environment Control in Developed Countries

美、德、日等发达国家在城市环境治理过程中,对空气污染、水污染、废弃物污染、噪声污染等采取了行政、经济、立法、技术与教育等措施,有效地控制了主要污染的肆意蔓延,从根本上改善了环境质量。发达国家城市环境治理的经验主要有:完善环境保护法律制度,保证治理措施的有效实施;健全环境管理体系,强化环境行政管理;注意推动自愿性行动来保护环境,积极推动公众参与环境治理;运用经济手段,制定激励奖惩措施,提高环境治理的效率;合理划分环境治理权限,建立权威性的管理机构;大量发展环境教育,通过民众环境保护意识,形成民族心理。这些经验及其教训留给人们诸多启示,值得中国学习与借鉴。

Regarding urban environment control, developed countries adopted various measures including administrative, economic, legislative, technological and educational to effectively control air, water, junk and noise pollution. Their experience chiefly consist in： （1） to perfect and enforce legal systems for environment protection; （2） to improve environment management systems and reinforce environment administration; （3） to promote voluntary action to protect environment, and actively motivate the public to participate in environment control; （4） to use economic means by adopting measures for both encouragement and punishment for environment control; （5） to delegate power for regional environment control and to establish authoritativ bodies; （6） to develop environment education on a massive scale so as to create a national awareness on environment control and （7） to increase the input of science and technology, emphasize the advance of science and technology, and develop industry of environment protection. Their experience is thought-provoking and is invaluable for us to draw on in our work of urban environment control.