罔密而奸不塞,刑蕃而民愈嫚——中国古代法外权思想考证

Severel Criminals though Severel Laws,Laxity with Severel Penalties Research on Ancient Chinese Thinking of Rights without Legal Ristrictions

中国古代刑罚制度,在禅让制时代"终不以天下之病而利一人"的思想指导下,体现出"好生之德,恰于民心,兹用不犯于有司"的人性关怀。而世袭制家天下"明德慎刑"的目的在于"其宁惟永"的统治秩序的维护。通过对儒家思想产生重大影响的《吕刑》与代表法家思想的《商君法》对比分析,可以看出,具有完全不同的指导思想制订出内容迥异的刑罚制度,却产生了共同的社会效果,即对法外权的发展与维护和对民众权利的限制,最终合二为一。从宽到严,从简到繁的刑罚体制的构建和刑罚思想的形成,成为导致历代封建王朝兴亡更迭的重要原因。

Ancient Chinese penal system reflects human nature that cherishing life is the popolar will so that no punishment is needed, under the guidance of the idea, that the end of the world not to benefit one person, in the era of abdication system of family ruling. The purpose of advocating moral and cautio- ning punishment of the hereditary system is to maintain political order forever. On comparative analysis of Lu Crimininal Law influentrial to Confucian thought and Shangjun Law, that penal systems with different contents and on completely different guiding ideologies, have a common social effects though, that is the combination of the maintenance and development of rights without legal ristrictions and the ristrictions on civil rights. The formation of penal system, from lenient to harsh, from simple to complex, and penal thinking are the major reasons that lead the rise and fall of the ancient dynasties.