试论魏玛“福利国家”的早期实践(1918-1920)

The early practices of welfare state in Weimar Republic, 1918-1920

一战结束后,德国社会遭遇了政治、经济与社会的多重危机,政府权力亟待合法性认同,社会期稳定。魏玛政府力图把福利国家作为控制与解决危机的一种手段。1918-1920年间,魏玛的福利国家建设曾规范劳动市场、协调劳资关系、改革保险和救济政策、解决住房问题以及调整经济运作模式等方面掀起高潮从短时段看,这些实践活动确立了基本的福利国家原则,维护了政府权威,初步解决了战后德国的社会危机然而从长时段看,这一时期的福利实践存在许多问题,埋下了日后经济危机、社会危机乃至民主危机的隐患。

The German society faced with the political, economic and social crisis after the first world war. In order to get the justification of the political power from the mass and stabilize the society, the Weimar State used the welfare as one way to control and solve the crisis. From 1918 to 1920, the government did the following things： standardization of the labor market; harmonization of the relationship between employer and employee; reform of the insurances and relief; resolve the housing crisis; adjust the economic system. These practices established the principle of welfare state and then protected the prestige of the government and solved a few social problems in a short time. However, from the long period, we can find there were still many problems in these practices so that economic, social, even democratic crisis would appear from the welfare practices.