黄土高原区基肥对农田土壤水肥和产量的影响

The Effects of Base-fertilizer on Soil Water and Nutrients and Wheat Yield in Farm Land of Loess Plateau,Area

黄土高原区农业用地土壤水分含量,尤其是播种前土壤水贮量是制约当年作物萌发和产量形成的重要因子,粗放的管理和低下的降雨贮存效率以及降雨的季节分布不均加重了该区土壤水蚀和养分的流失,该区休闲期较长(当年九月底到次年四月底),因此休闲期土壤水分恢复的研究尤其重要。研究施肥管理的改变,着重于休闲期开始时基肥对休闲期间土壤剖面水分的恢复、播种前土壤微生物量碳、生长季土壤水分动态和产量形成的影响。实验设八个基肥处理:对照((CK)不施肥),氮肥(N),磷肥(P),氮肥磷肥(NP),有机肥(M),氮肥有机肥(NM),磷肥有机肥(PM),氮肥磷肥有机肥(NPM)。2004-2005连续两年实验结果显示,不同基肥处理对雨季降雨入渗效率的影响有明显差异,NPM处理最优,CK最差,施氮处理优于施磷处理。NPM基肥处理休闲期土壤水分恢复增量显著高于其他基肥处理,微生物碳含量显著高于其他基肥处理。2004年小麦产量和2005年土豆产量与播种前2m土壤剖面水贮量有很强的正相关趋势或显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.621,0.774*(p<0.05);雨季前土壤含水量与雨季后土壤含水量呈明显负相关趋势,雨季前后土壤剖面水分增量与同年作物产量均为显著正相关。

Soil water storage, especially before sowing, is the primary factor of restricting germination and yield forming of corp in the loess plateau region of china. The poor water storage efficiency and uneven distribution of rainfalls aggravates soil erosion from these tender farmlands. The region has a long fallow period from the end of September to April next year, so it is most important to research the soil water restoration during the relative long fallow period. This paper focuses on the effects of base - fertilization by altering the conventional fertilization practices on the restoration of soil water and the Microbial Biomass Carbon （ MB - C） content before sowing, the dynamic of soil and water and yield farmation in the growing season. The research was conducted at the Zhonglianchuan Eco - agriculture Loess Plateau Station, Gansu province, from 2003 - 2005. The experiment designed with a non - fertilizer control treatment （CK） and seven base - fertilization treatments ： nitrogen only （ N）, phosphorus only （ P）, nitrogen and phosphorus （ NP）, Organic fertilizer only （M） , nitrogen and Organic fertilizer （NM）, phosphorus and Organic fertilizer （PM）, and nitrogen, phosphorus and Organic fertilizer （NPM）. The two - year results, duing 2004 - 2005 indicated that the efficiency of soil water restoration and MB -C content in NPM treatment was significantly higher than other treatments, and the treatments containing N fertilizer were more efficient than those without N fertilizer. Effects of different base - fertilization on rainfall infiltration were obviously different, NPM was the best treatment, and CK was the worst. The relationship between wheat, potato yields and soil water storage content of the top 2m soil before planting were positive and significantly positive, R = 0. 621, 0. 774 ＊ （ P 〈 0.05 ） respectively, correlation between soil water before rain reason and after rain reason was negative, the increments of soil water storage and the crop yields was positive related significantly.