对汉代弓射技艺的研究——从汉画像石资料看汉代弓箭练习的各种动作

On bow shooting arts in Han Dynasty——Various bow shooting actions seen from the carving stones

据汉代文献记载,汉代盛行射艺,但是由于历史文献多是对人物记述,故对射艺的具体细节未做详细描述,因而汉代弓射的动作及技术细节是一个千古之谜。通过汉画像石文物资料考察法和古文献资料研究法,揭示了汉代弓射分为徒步射和骑射两种。徒步弓射动作方式有立射、蹲射及跪射、折腰射、弓步射、转身背射、坐射、步行射和跑步射9种,骑射有静止的骑射和行进中的骑射两种方式。徒步和骑射的方向主要有向下、向前、向后等。射的目标有静止和移动两类。另外,弓射内容在汉画像石的狩猎图中多有发现,证明狩猎是弓射练习的重要手段。

According to the historical record of Han Dynasty, bow shooting was very popular at that time. Because most records centered on historical figures biography, there were few detailed descriptions on bow shooting arts. Thus, bow shooting skills has been a mystery for many years. By using the method of historical investigation, it intends to solve the problem. The author thinks that bow shooting in Han Dynasty can be divided into two kinds：crossbow and riding shoot. The crossbow has the following 8 kinds, standing, squatting, riding, sitting, running, etc. Riding shoot has static and dynamic shooting. The shooting directions are below, front, etc. The targets of shooting are two kinds： static and in motion. Besides, the important discoveries on the paintings of Han Dynasty＇ carving stones show that hunting bow shooting was an essential method of practicing. The findings in this paper will provide important concrete evidence for the study of Han Dynasty＇ bow shooting arts, at the same time enriching the treasures of Asian bow shooting studies.