国际水资源分配的伦理考量

Moral Consideration on Distribution of International Water Resources

世界范围内的贫困与全球水资源匮乏之间的深层关系,主要是因为淡水资源空间分布不均和分配不畅,而不是表象上的淡水资源总量不足。传统国际水资源分配原则暗含古典自由主义持有正义分配模式的意韵,流域国之间仅基于自然资源永久主权之下的最高效益原则分配水资源。拥有富足的水资源出于种种原因,但无论从古典自由主义者所主张的努力程度还是从德行来看,没有人比别人配得更有利的生存条件,亦不能认定既成的有利生存条件是"应得",因此这一分配原则已不能经受人类道德的考验。地球是人类的家园,流域国基于合作的功利考虑和同情的道义考虑,在分配水资源时负有避免浪费、保护生态系统、帮助因水资源匮乏而陷入贫困的人们的道义义务。

Instead of seeming shortage of fresh water, the deep relationship between worldwide poverty and the deficiency of global water resources lies in imbalanced space distribution of fresh water. Traditionally, the distribution principle of international water resources consists of the holder justice theory of classical liberalism, which advocates that different river valley countries distribute water resources abided by the distribution principle of maximal benefits influenced by the doctrine of natural resources’ permanent sovereignty. However, from the perspective of classical liberalism and morality, such distribution principle can’t meet the demands of human morality. The earth is the home of human beings, and in view of utilitarian cooperation and sympathetic morality the river valley countries are responsible for avoiding wasting water resources, maintaining ecosystem and helping poverty-stricken people due to water resources shortage.