美国对海底权利的诉求与国内利益的平衡--以海底界限的争论为中心(1969～1972)

U.S. Demand for Seabed Rights and the Balance of Domestic Interest

美国海底政策的出台在很大程度上取决于国内利益的平衡。本文从政府部门间、利益集团间及部门机构与利益集团间相互博弈的角度,对影响美国海洋政策转向的因素进行探讨。文章认为,1945年《杜鲁门公告》是美国首次海底权利声明,在美国国内引起了关于是否扩展大陆架权利的争论。从美国政府内部关于宽狭大陆架界限的分歧到利益集团关于经济利益与军事利益的争论,其中的分歧或趋同主导了尼克松政府在海底界限问题上的两次政策转向。最终美国将海底问题交由联合国,回归国际海洋体系。这反映出美国国内部门、集团利益在美国海洋决策中的地位和作用。

The promulgation of US seabed policy depends, to a large extent, on the balancing of domestic interests. From the angle of political science theory of gaming between governmental departments and interest groups, the article makes an in-depth analysis of the factors affecting the change in American policy of the sea. The article holds that the Truman Proclamation in 1945 was the first open statement on American seabed rights that ushered in the debate inside the United States on whether the U.S. should expand its continental shelf rights. From the disagreement on the broad or narrow definition of continental shelf between the Interior Department and the Defense Department to the debate among interest groups outside the government on economic interest and military interest, the divergence or convergence of interests determined the two changes of the Nixon administration on seabed definition. Finally, the United States handed the issue over to the United Nations and returned to the international ocean system. This reflected the position and rule of internal agencies and interest groups in the decision-making of American sea policy.