视神经损伤与组织工程修复技术

Optic nerve injury and tissue engineering technology

视神经由视网膜神经节细胞轴索组成,因其周围无许旺细胞,属于中枢神经,故损伤后不能再生。1985年So和Aguayo进行周围神经视网膜移植成功,彻底改变了视神经损伤后不能再生的观念。目前神经损伤修复的方法有以下几种:①采用神经营养因子,如神经生长因子、睫状神经营养因子、脑源性神经营养因子等,这些因子具有促进视网膜神经节细胞再生和修复的作用。②基因矫正治疗与基因调控治疗通过改变宿主基因的表达,减少疾病所产生的效应,减缓疾病病程进展或提供对疾病的保护。③神经干细胞移植与组织工程化许旺细胞移植。但这些治疗方法尚处于动物实验阶段,如何及时有效地减少节细胞的凋亡和提高节细胞的存活率,在此基础上进一步促进神经的再生与修复,至今还没有一个完善的方法。

Optic nerve is composed by the axonal of retinal ganglion cells, there are no Schwann cells around it, and optic nerve belongs to the central nervous, so it cannot regenerate when injuried. In 1985 So and Aguayo have made a success in peripheral nerve retinal transplant, which completely changes the concept that optic nerve injury cannot regenarate. Currently nerve injury recovry has following several methods： use of neurotrophic factor, such as nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, etc. These factors could promote the regeneration and repair of retinal ganglion cells; treatment of gene correction and gene regulation, by changing the expression of host gene, reduce the effect due to the disease, slow the progress of the disease course or provide protection against the disease; neural stem cell transplantatin and tissue-engineered Schwann cell transplantion. But these treatments are still at the stage of animal experiment, how timely and effctively reduce the apoptosis and increase the survival rate of ganglion cells, even further promote nerve regeneration and recovery, there is still not a perfect method so far.