内生于民主理念的社会排斥及其出路--查尔斯·泰勒对程序性自由主义的批评

The Societal Exclusion Inherent in the Democratic Idea and Its Remedies:Charles Taylor's Criticism on the Procedural Liberalism

加拿大政治哲学家查尔斯.泰勒认为,自由主义民主是一种关于包容的价值体系,因此它所主张的民主政治必然要求建立具有强势内聚力的政治认同,没有这种内聚力便没有包容。但与此相矛盾的是,以强势内聚力为基础的政治认同内生着排斥的诱因,并在政治实践中导致社会排斥的真实发生。在当代民主理论和政治实践中,这种内生于民主理念的社会排斥对包容价值观构成威胁,造成民主理论的解释困境和对现实认同的破坏。程序性自由主义抽象掉历史文化的参照点和关于良善生活的理念,着眼于个体自由、个人权利和合法程序,不仅未能使民主理论走出反而使其更深地陷入困境。在泰勒看来,走出困境的关键路径在公共领域,即通过人们在其中的平等交流和协商不断建构政治认同。

Charles Taylor,a Canadian political philosopher,claims that liberal democracy is a philosophy of inclusion and so the democratic politics must demand political identity with strong cohesion,without which the inclusion would fade away.But contradictorily,the temptation to exclusion is inherent in the political identity based on strong cohesion and is making for the societal exclusion realistically in political practice.In the contemporary democratic theory and political practice,the societal exclusion inherent in the democratic idea threatens the inclusion and brings on the interpretative dilemma in the democratic theory and the wreck of realistic identity.The procedural liberalism abstracts from the reference of historical culture and the idea of good life,falls back on individual freedom,personal right and legitimate procedure,which doesn't make the democratic theory cast off but immerse the dilemma more deeply.In the view of Charles Taylor,the crucial approach of casting off the dilemma is in the public sphere,namely,inventing continuously political identity through the people's exchanging and negotiating equally in it.