概念与机理:政体的设计理路

Concept and Formation Mechanism:the Notion in Regime Constituting

政体是和国家同时产生的一种国家政权的组织形式,反映国家的权力结构以及国家组织之间的权限关系。国家形成过程中的力量对比关系决定了国家政体的具体形态。随着人治社会向法治社会的演进,人类社会经历了集权政体向分权政体的转化过程。政体是历史生成和人类理性建构的产物。政体的价值目标决定了人类政体设计的基本理念。传统社会的政体设计体现了集权主义和权力本位的精神实质,将权力集中在最高统治者手中以实现专制统治是集权政体的最高设计理念。就现代社会而言,在保持社会稳定的前提下,保障人们享有最广泛的自由和充分普遍的社会福利便成为分权政体的价值取向。

Regime is an organizational form of political power, which comes into being together with the state. It refleets the power structure of the state and the power relation among the state organizations. The balance of force in the process of state＇s formation detemaines the concrete form of regime. With the ‘rule-by-man＇ society evolving into a ‘rule-by-law＇ society, the centralized regime also undergoes decentralization. Regime is the product of historical advance and human rationality. The value orientation of the regime determines the fundamental principles in constituting the regime. Traditionally, the regime constitution reflects the centralization of power and authoritarianism, and the core of a centralized regime is the imperator possessing the utmost power. In modem society, the value orientation of a deeentralized regime is to safeguard the broadest freedom of common people and to ensure people＇s allpervading welfare in the premise of keeping the society steady going.