从“六义”到“六观”——刘勰《文心雕龙》中的文学批评观

Investigation of Liu Xie's Literary Criticism Idea from Wen Xin Diao Long(《文心雕龙》)

刘勰的文学批评观是针对轻浮绮靡的齐梁文风和当时对同部作品褒贬不一的背景提出的,他的文学批评的客观标准是贯穿于"六义"到"六观"之中的系统批评观。"六义"是宗经的效果,"六观"是考察方法,两者都不能独立成为刘勰的文学批评观。刘勰认为,要正确评价作品,要综合从"六义""四事""三准""六观"这个系统中表现出来的批评方法。"六义""四事""三准""六观"互相联系、互相阐释,它们围绕的核心"情、事、辞"就是刘勰真正的文学标准。刘勰不论是谈文学创作,还是谈文学批评,都是从"情、事、辞"的角度来衡量的,并以其它文学批评元素为补充,从而形成一个相对完整的批评体系。

Liu Xie＇s literary criticism idea was proposed under the background of levitative writing style of the Qi and Liang Dynasties and the opposing comments on a same work. The practical standard of his literary criticism is a systematic one running through from the ＂six artistic skills （六义）＂ to the ＂six aspects （六观）＂. The ＂six artistic skills （六义）＂ are the effect resulted from following the classics, and the ＂six aspects （六观）＂ are meth- ods of review. Each of them can not independently compose Liu Xie＇s literary criticism idea. Liu Xie thought that a correct review of a work should be made comprehensively from the ＂six artistic skills （ 六义）＂, the ＂four facts （ 四事 ）＂, the ＂three standards （三准）＂, and the ＂six aspects （六观）＂. They relate and interpret to each other, centered by the ＂emotion, fact and diction＂ which are real standard of Liu Xie＇s literary criticism. Liu Xie weighed literary writing and literary criticism both in the perspective of the ＂emotion, fact and diction＂, supplemented with other elements of literary criticism, and thus forming a relatively integrated system of literary criticism.