2Heyman G, Dweck C S, Cain K M. Young children's vulnerability to self-blame and helplessness: Relationship to beliefs about goodness. Child Development, 1992, 63:401~415
3Clifford M M. The comparative effects of strategy and effort attributions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1986, 56: 75~83
4Schunk D H. Self-regulation of self-efficacy and attributions in academic settings. In: D G Schunk, B J Zimmerman ed. Self-regulation of learning and performance: issues and educational applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994
5Brophy J. Teacher Praise: A functional analyis. Review of Educational Research, 1981, 51:5~32
6Nicholls J G. Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 1984, 91: 328~346
7Jagacinski C M, Nicholls J G. Conceptions of ability and related affects in task involvement and ego involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1984, 76:909~919
8Burhans K K, Dweck C S. Helplessness in early childhood: The role of contingent worth. Child Development, 1995, 66:1719~1738
9Diener C I, Dweck C S. An analysis of learned helplessness: The progressing of success. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 1980, 39:940~952
10Dweck C S, Leggett E L. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 1988, 95:256~273