云南西双版纳尚勇保护区亚洲象新活动廊道的开辟和利用

The opening up and utilization of a new movement corridor by Asian elephants(Elephas maximus) in Shangyong Nature Reserve,Yunnan

利用村寨访问、痕迹追踪和3S技术,对西双版纳尚勇保护区及周边地区的亚洲象种群活动范围进行调查。研究发现,尚勇亚洲象的活动区域包括尚勇保护区的大部分区域,保护区西部的上中良、曼粉、河图和南平等村寨的部分集体林以及由河图、南平延伸,途经田房,龙匡和咖啡二队直至老挝境内的狭长廊道,总面积约395km2。廊道长约17km,呈"S"形,两端宽中间窄,最窄处约0.66km,廊道内天然林面积仅占37.6%,且呈不连续分布。至2006年12月,记录亚洲象经由该廊道的跨境活动共6次,象群不仅利用此廊道在不同栖息地之间来回活动,而且还以廊道内的天然林或橡胶林为庇护所,取食周围的农作物。栖息地减少和破碎化、人类活动和盗猎威胁是导致亚洲象在此区域内活动并最终开辟新活动廊道的原因。在勐养、勐腊和尚勇保护区以及中国老挝之间建立生态走廊带,严厉打击盗猎和科学的栖息地管理是恢复和增大亚洲象生存空间,缓解人象冲突,更好地保护亚洲象的有效措施。

The distribution of Asian elephants（Elphas maximus）in Shangyong Nature Reserve and its surroundings was studied by site visits, elephant trace surveys and 3S techniques （GIS, GPS, RS ） from September 2004 to December 2006. Activity traces of elephants were tracked and located by GPS, and their distribution range was analyzed from these GPS points, the data from field surveys and satellite images. The results indicated that the distribution range of elephants covered an area of 395 km^2, including Shangyong Nature Reserve, part of the collective forest of Shangzhongliang, Manfen, Hetu and Nanping village which is located to the west of Shangyong Nature Reserve, and it had a long-narrow corridor spreading from Hetu, Nanping, through Tianfang, Longkuang and Kafeierdui, then reaches its destination in Nam Ha Nature Reserve in Laos. The ＂S＂ shaped corridor was wider on the two ends and narrower in the middle with a width of 0.66 km. Meanwhile, natural forest covered only 37.6% area of the corridor and was not continuous. From August 2002 to December 2006, six elephant trans-boundary movements through this corridor were recorded. It was believed that habitat loss and fragmentation, crop raiding behavior of elephants, human disturbance and illegal poaching were factors leading elephants to spread their range area and finally open up this new movement corridor. However, the long-narrow ＂S＂ shaped structure and continuous reduction of forest could not only impact utilization of the corridor by elephants, but also intensify the human-elephant conflicts in the region. Therefore, measures such as building ecological corridors, strengthening anti-poaching enforcement and managing the current habitat should be taken to restore habitat and to mitigate human-elephant conflicts.